India, 1986 to 2066
73 dated events in ten lanes, from 1989 to 2070: how road vehicles in India are powered, regulated, certified, traded and used, and what is already dated ahead.
Fuel-efficiency reporting on WLTP as well as MIDC
Under CAFE III, carmakers must report fuel efficiency on both the Modified Indian Driving Cycle and WLTP from April 2027; the conversion factor is to be notified separately.
Carsswarajyamag.com
Where it stands on 1 November 2026
How vehicles are approved
Type approval under CMVR rule 126 by designated test agencies such as ARAI and ICAT against AIS and BIS standards, with conformity-of-production checks; India does not apply UN 1958 Agreement approvals.
Emission stages in force
Cars/LCVs: BS VI Stage 2 (RDE, OBD-II) since Apr 2023; 2W/3W: BS VI with OBD-II and catalyst monitoring since Apr 2025; trucks/buses: BS VI phase 2 (OBD-II, PEMS) since Apr 2023; tractors: TREM V (<19 kW, >56 kW) since Oct 2026, TREM IV/IIIA for others; construction equipment: CEV V since Jan 2025.
Safety rules and ratings
Cars: driver and front-passenger airbags, ABS, seat-belt reminders, speed alert and crash tests; bikes: ABS above 125 cc, CBS below; speed governors on transport vehicles; AC cabins in new trucks; voluntary Bharat NCAP (AIS-197) since Oct 2023, 2.0 planned for Oct 2027.
Zero-emission target
None official as a mandate; stated aspiration of 30% EV share of private car sales by 2030 (80% 2W/3W, 40% buses, 70% commercial cars); CAFE III gives BEVs 3x super-credits from April 2027.
Net zero
2070
Market
FY2025-26: record wholesales of about 28.2 million vehicles across segments (SIAM figures reported 15 April 2026); FY2024-25: 4.30 million passenger vehicles sold domestically and 5.06 million produced.
Fuel and charging
BS VI petrol and diesel at 10 ppm sulphur since 2020; E20 petrol reached in 2025 and IS 19850:2026 covers E22-E30; about 3 million CNG vehicles (2017); public charging funded by FAME II (4,453 stations sanctioned) and PM E-DRIVE (Rs 2,000 crore); green hydrogen mission since 2023.
End of life
Voluntary vehicle scrappage policy (2021) with fitness tests for private vehicles over 20 years and commercial over 15; EPR for EV and other batteries under the Battery Waste Management Rules 2022; e-truck subsidies require a scrapping certificate (2025).
Rulebook: India CMVR and AIS
India's CMVR, AIS and BIS rules. Not a party to the UN 1958 Agreement, but a party to the 1998 Agreement.
Also on this rulebook: No other country uses it.
Sources for this summary
Every event, lane by lane
73 events in time order within each lane.
Powertrain and batteriesTechnology
Reva, India's first production electric car, goes on sale
Reva Electric Car Company of Bangalore launched the two-door Reva in 2001; about 4,600 were sold worldwide by 2013 and Mahindra bought a 55.2% stake in May 2010.
Carsen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
E-rickshaws legalised as motor vehicles
The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act 2015 brought battery e-rickshaws under registration after a 2014 Delhi High Court ban; yearly registrations reached about 300,000 in 2022-23.
Two- and three-wheelersen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
Locally built strong-hybrid SUVs launched
Toyota's Urban Cruiser Hyryder (July 2022) and its twin Maruti Grand Vitara brought strong-hybrid SUVs built at Toyota Kirloskar's Bidadi plant from August 2022.
Carsen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
None for the vehicle you picked.
Software, data and automationTechnology
Location trackers and panic buttons required in public vehicles
New public service vehicles registered from 1 Jan 2019, except autorickshaws and e-rickshaws, must carry location trackers and emergency buttons, sending data by cellular link to state back-end systems.
Cars, busesindianinfrastructure.com
Connected SUV with e-SIM and over-the-air updates
MG Motor's Hector, launched in June 2019 as the brand's first Indian model, brought an embedded e-SIM, telematics and over-the-air software updates to a mass-market SUV.
Carsen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
FASTag electronic tolling mandatory for all vehicles
RFID FASTag, piloted in 2014 and fitted to new vehicles from December 2017, became compulsory at national highway toll plazas on 15 February 2021.
All vehiclesen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
Driver-assistance (ADAS) reaches high-volume SUVs
Mahindra's XUV700, launched on 14 August 2021, offered ADAS tuned for Indian roads on top variants; MG's Hector added Level 2 ADAS in its January 2023 update.
Carsen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
Digital Personal Data Protection Act becomes law
The President's assent on 11 Aug 2023 made the DPDP Act law, with consent-based processing, a Data Protection Board and penalties up to Rs 250 crore for failing to prevent data breaches.
All vehiclesscconline.com
Data protection rules notified; full duties from May 2027
DPDP Rules notified on 13 November 2025 bring the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 into force in phases: consent-manager rules from November 2026, remaining duties from May 2027.
All vehiclesazbpartners.com
Draft: cybersecurity and software-update rules (AIS-189, AIS-190)Draft
Draft G.S.R. 503(E) of 22 June 2026 adds rules 125-T and 125-U: CSMS and SUMS from October 2026 for Level 3+ models, then OTA-capable models, all by October 2029.
Cars, vans and pickups, trucks, buses, tractors and machineryteamleaseregtech.com
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Energy and infrastructureTechnology
Unleaded petrol nationwide
Leaded petrol was phased out through the 1990s and a nationwide unleaded gasoline mandate applied by 2000; diesel sulphur was capped at 0.25% nationwide the same year.
Cars, two- and three-wheelersdieselnet.com medium confidence
CNG fleet passes one million vehicles
India had about 1.08 million natural gas vehicles and 560 fuelling stations in December 2010; registered NGVs reached about 3.0 million by 2017, third in the world.
Cars, two- and three-wheelers, busesen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
10 ppm sulphur BS VI fuel nationwide
Petrol and diesel with 10 ppm sulphur became the national standard in 2020 for BS VI, after Delhi switched early in April 2018; nationwide diesel sulphur had been 2,500 ppm in 2000.
All vehiclesdieselnet.com medium confidence
National Green Hydrogen Mission approved
Cabinet approved the mission on 4 January 2023 with Rs 19,744 crore, aiming for 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen a year by 2030; Rs 1,466 crore is set aside for pilot projects.
Trucks, busespib.gov.in
Public charging: 4,453 stations sanctioned under FAME II
By July 2023 FAME II had sanctioned 2,877 public charging stations in 68 cities and 1,576 on 9 expressways and 16 highways; FAME I had sanctioned 520.
Cars, two- and three-wheelers, busespib.gov.in
E20 petrol reached nationwide
Ethanol blending began with E5 in 2003; the national average reached E10 in May 2022 and E20 in June 2025, five years ahead of the original 2030 goal.
Cars, two- and three-wheelersdieselnet.com
Standard published for E22 to E30 petrol blends
IS 19850:2026, published in May 2026, specifies petrol with 22%, 25%, 27% and 30% ethanol; the next blending target is E30 by 2030.
Cars, two- and three-wheelersdieselnet.com
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Emissions and climateRegulation
First mass emission limits for new vehicles
After idle-emission limits from 1984, mass emission limits applied to new petrol vehicles in 1991 and to new diesel vehicles in 1992.
Cars, vans and pickups, two- and three-wheelers, trucks, busesheavyindustries.gov.in
TREM I: first emission limits for farm tractors
Tractor emission stage TREM I applied to agricultural tractors of all power ratings from October 1999; TREM II followed in June 2003 and TREM III in October 2005.
Tractors and machinerydieselnet.com
India 2000 (Euro 1 level) limits for cars nationwide
India 2000, also called BS I, applied to new cars and light vehicles nationwide from 1 April 2000, after starting in Delhi NCR on 1 June 1999.
Cars, vans and pickupstransportpolicy.net
BS II nationwide; BS III starts in Delhi and 11 cities
BS II (Euro 2 level) went nationwide in April 2005 as BS III began in Delhi NCR and 11 cities; in 2010 BS III went nationwide and BS IV started in NCR and 13 cities.
Cars, vans and pickups, two- and three-wheelers, trucks, busesdieselnet.com
BS IV nationwide; Supreme Court bars sale of BS III stock
From 1 April 2017 only BS IV vehicles could be sold or registered; the Supreme Court's order of 29 March 2017 stranded 824,275 BS III vehicles in stock, many of them two-wheelers.
Cars, vans and pickups, two- and three-wheelers, trucks, busesbusinesstoday.in
First fuel-efficiency (CAFE) standard for cars
Corporate average fuel-consumption limits for cars, finalised in January 2014 and deferred a year in April 2015, took effect in April 2017 with a fleet target of about 130 g CO2/km.
BS VI (Euro 6 level) for all new road vehicles
BS VI applied nationwide from April 2020 to new cars, two- and three-wheelers, trucks and buses; BS V, proposed in 2015, was dropped so India leapt straight from BS IV.
Cars, vans and pickups, two- and three-wheelers, trucks, busesdieselnet.com
CAFE II tightens car fleet target to 113 g CO2/km
The second stage of India's car fuel-efficiency standard took effect in April 2022, lowering the nominal fleet target from 130 to 113 g CO2/km, about 13% tighter.
BS VI Stage 2: real-driving emissions and OBD-II
From 1 April 2023 cars must meet RDE limits on the road and tighter OBD thresholds; truck and bus engines need OBD-II (NOx 1.2 g/kWh) and a 1.5 conformity factor in PEMS tests.
Cars, vans and pickups, trucks, busesdieselnet.com medium confidence
OBD-II for two-wheelers; catalyst monitoring from 2025
Two-wheelers built from 1 April 2023 need OBD-II fault monitoring; sensors that check the catalytic converter were deferred to 1 April 2025 after unreliable trials.
Two- and three-wheelerspressreader.com
CEV V emission stage for construction equipment
Construction equipment vehicles of all power ratings moved to CEV V in January 2025 (planned for April 2024); CEV IV had applied to 37-560 kW engines since October 2021.
Tractors and machinerydieselnet.com
CAFE III notified for April 2027 to March 2032
Notified 29 Sep 2026 by the Ministry of Power: fleet CO2 falls from 113 g/km (FY27) to 78.9 g/km by FY32; super-credits 3x for BEVs, 2.5x plug-in hybrids, 1.6x strong hybrids; credits tradable.
Carsswarajyamag.com
TREM V for tractors below 19 kW and above 56 kW
CMV (Eleventh Amendment) Rules 2026 applied TREM V to tractors and combine harvesters of 8-19 kW and 56-560 kW from 1 October 2026; TREM IV had covered 37-560 kW since January 2023.
Tractors and machinerynewswav.com medium confidence
Aspiration: EVs at 30% of private car sales by 2030Dated ahead
Transport minister Nitin Gadkari stated 2030 aims of 30% EV share for private cars, 70% for commercial cars, 40% for buses and 80% for two- and three-wheelers; not set in law.
Cars, vans and pickups, two- and three-wheelers, busespressreader.com medium confidence
TREM V reaches mid-power tractors (19-56 kW)Dated ahead
Under the 2026 rules, 19-37 kW tractors meet interim TREM IIIAA from 1 April 2028 and TREM V from 1 April 2032; 37-56 kW tractors move straight to TREM V in April 2032.
Tractors and machinerynewswav.com medium confidence
Net zero emissions by 2070Dated ahead
Prime Minister Modi pledged net zero by 2070 at COP26 in Glasgow on 1 November 2021, alongside 500 GW of non-fossil capacity and a 45% cut in emissions intensity by 2030.
All vehiclesdowntoearth.org.in
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Vehicle safetyRegulation
Speed governors required on transport vehicles
G.S.R. 290(E) of 15 April 2015 amended rule 118 to require speed governors on transport vehicles from October 2015: 80 km/h, or 60 km/h for school buses, tankers and dumpers.
Trucks, buses, vans and pickupswbxpress.com medium confidence
ABS on bikes over 125 cc, combined braking below; ABS in cars
From April 2019 all two-wheelers above 125 cc need ABS and smaller ones a combined braking system; ABS also became compulsory on all cars (new models from April 2018).
Two- and three-wheelers, carsautocarpro.in
Driver airbag, seat-belt reminders and speed alerts in all cars
From 1 July 2019 all cars need a driver airbag, front seat-belt reminders, an 80/120 km/h speed warning and reverse sensors; frontal and side crash tests cover all models from October 2019.
Carsautocarpro.in
Mandatory vehicle recalls under section 110A
Section 110A of the Motor Vehicles Act, inserted in 2019 and in force from 1 April 2021, lets the government order recalls when owners or a test agency report a defect; makers must repair, replace or refund.
All vehicleslawx.in
Dual front airbags compulsory in all new cars
A March 2021 rule required a front passenger airbag (AIS-145) in new models from 1 April 2021; the deadline for existing models was extended to 31 December 2021.
Carsgaadify.com medium confidence
Tighter EV battery safety tests (AIS-156 amendment 3)
After 2022 e-scooter fires and recalls, amendments to AIS-156 and AIS-038 Rev 2 added battery pack, charger and thermal-propagation rules in two phases: 1 December 2022 and 31 March 2023.
Two- and three-wheelers, cars, vans and pickups, buses, trucksmobilityoutlook.com medium confidence
Air-conditioned cabins compulsory in new trucks
G.S.R. 886(E) of 8 December 2023 requires N2 and N3 trucks built from 1 October 2025 to have cabin air-conditioning tested to IS 14618:2022, including drive-away chassis.
Trucksstatic.pib.gov.in
Draft: emergency braking compulsory on new car modelsDraft
An October 2026 MoRTH draft makes advanced emergency braking mandatory for new car models from October 2030 and for all models in production from October 2032.
Carsnewsonair.gov.in
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End of life and recyclingRegulation
First battery waste rules (Batteries Management and Handling)
The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules 2001 governed the collection and recycling of waste batteries until the Battery Waste Management Rules replaced them in August 2022.
All vehiclespib.gov.in medium confidence
Voluntary vehicle scrappage policy announced
The Union Budget 2021 announced a voluntary scrappage policy: private vehicles over 20 years and commercial vehicles over 15 years must pass a fitness test or go for scrapping.
All vehiclesen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
Battery Waste Management Rules bring EPR to EV batteries
Rules published on 24 August 2022 make producers collect and recycle EV, automotive, industrial and portable batteries under EPR, with recovery and recycled-content minimums; landfill banned.
Two- and three-wheelers, cars, buses, truckspib.gov.in
E-truck subsidy tied to scrapping an old truck
A 10 July 2025 PM E-DRIVE notification pays e-truck incentives (up to Rs 9.6 lakh) only against a scrapping certificate for an ICE truck of equal or higher weight.
Trucksheavyindustries.gov.in
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Approval, testing and qualityCertification
Central Motor Vehicles Rules take effect
CMVR 1989 (G.S.R. 590(E), 2 June 1989) came into force on 1 July 1989; rule 126 requires every vehicle prototype to be tested by a designated agency before sale.
All vehiclescgtransport.gov.in
ICAT test centre set up at Manesar
The International Centre for Automotive Technology at Manesar, Haryana, set up in 2006, is accredited under CMVR rule 126 to test and approve vehicles, alongside ARAI in Pune (1966).
All vehiclesen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
Bharat NCAP crash-test ratings begin
Launched on 22 August 2023 and run from 1 October 2023 under AIS-197, Bharat NCAP rates M1 vehicles under 3.5 t that makers volunteer, testing base variants.
Carspib.gov.in
Fuel-efficiency reporting on WLTP as well as MIDCDated ahead
Under CAFE III, carmakers must report fuel efficiency on both the Modified Indian Driving Cycle and WLTP from April 2027; the conversion factor is to be notified separately.
Carsswarajyamag.com
Draft: Bharat NCAP 2.0 with five crash testsDraft
A November 2025 draft AIS-197 Rev 1 would replace the protocol in October 2027 with five crash tests, weighted pillars and ESC and curtain airbags needed for any star.
Carsautocarindia.com
None for the vehicle you picked.
Trade and marketCommercial
Liberalisation de-licenses most of the auto industry
The July 1991 reforms removed industrial licensing for most of the automotive sector; the passenger car segment was de-licensed in 1993.
All vehiclesheavyindustries.gov.in
Auto Policy 2002; 100% FDI through the automatic route
From 2000 import quantitative restrictions were removed and 100% FDI allowed through the automatic route; Auto Policy 2002 also defined small cars as up to 3.8 m long.
All vehiclesheavyindustries.gov.in medium confidence
GST replaces excise and state taxes on vehicles
Goods and Services Tax took effect on 1 July 2017, replacing many central and state levies; vehicles were taxed in the top 28% slab, with a compensation cess on top for luxury cars.
All vehiclesen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
FAME II electric vehicle subsidies
FAME II started on 1 April 2019 with Rs 10,000 crore to support 10 lakh e-2W, 5 lakh e-3W, 55,000 e-cars and 7,090 e-buses, mainly for public and shared transport.
Two- and three-wheelers, cars, busesheavyindustries.gov.in
PLI scheme for automobiles and components
Cabinet approved a Rs 25,938 crore production-linked incentive on 15 September 2021 for battery-electric and hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles and advanced automotive technology parts.
All vehiclesheavyindustries.gov.in
EV import scheme (SPMEPCI): 15% duty for local investors
S.O. 1363(E) of 15 March 2024: makers investing Rs 4,150 crore may import 8,000 e-cars a year (CIF US$35,000 or more) at 15% duty for 5 years; 25% local value in 3 years, 50% in 5.
PM E-DRIVE EV subsidies start; later extended to March 2028
S.O. 4259(E) of 29 Sep 2024 started PM E-DRIVE on 1 Oct 2024 with Rs 10,900 crore; it now runs to 31 March 2028 (L5 e-3W closed Dec 2025) and S.O. 4424(E) of 10 Aug 2026 raised it to Rs 11,900 crore.
Two- and three-wheelers, buses, truckspmedrive.heavyindustries.gov.in
India-UK trade agreement signed; car tariffs to 10% in quota
The UK-India Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, signed in July 2025, cuts India's tariffs on UK cars from up to 110% to 10% under a quota.
Carsgov.uk medium confidence
Tesla opens its first Indian showroom
Tesla entered India in July 2025 with a showroom at Bandra-Kurla Complex in Mumbai, selling the imported Model Y.
Carsen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
GST cut to 18% for small cars, bikes, buses and trucks
GST 2.0 from 22 September 2025 cut tax on small cars, two-wheelers up to 350 cc, buses and goods vehicles from 28% to 18%; large cars pay a flat 40% with no cess.
Cars, two- and three-wheelers, trucks, busespib.gov.in medium confidence
India-EU free trade agreement concluded
India and the EU concluded FTA talks on 27 January 2026; India is to cut duties on up to 250,000 EU cars from up to 110% toward 10% over time. Ratification is pending.
Carsen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
India-UK trade agreement enters into force
In force from 15 July 2026: India's tariffs on UK cars fall from over 100% to 10% within quotas, first for combustion cars and later for EVs and hybrids.
Carshlc.com
None for the vehicle you picked.
Supply chain and materialsCommercial
PLI for advanced chemistry cell batteries
Cabinet approved Rs 18,100 crore on 12 May 2021 for 50 GWh of ACC cell capacity; winners need 25% local value addition within 2 years and 60% within 5 years.
Cars, two- and three-wheelers, busespib.gov.in
India Semiconductor Mission set up
Cabinet approved Rs 76,000 crore on 15 December 2021 for semiconductor and display manufacturing, with the India Semiconductor Mission as nodal agency.
All vehiclespib.gov.in
Micron starts building a chip assembly plant in Gujarat
Micron began building a US$2.75 billion chip assembly and test plant at Sanand in September 2023; Kaynes' Rs 3,307 crore unit was approved in September 2024.
All vehiclesen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
Local-content rules for PM E-DRIVE vehicles
From 1 May 2025 e-2W and e-3W makers must build 8 parts locally, incl. battery pack, BMS, motor and controller; e-bus parts are phased in from 6 to 12 months (S.O. 1078(E)).
Two- and three-wheelers, busesheavyindustries.gov.in
National Critical Mineral Mission launched
Launched in 2025, the mission allocates about US$3.94 billion over seven years, expects US$2.07 billion from PSUs such as KABIL and plans stockpiles, starting with rare earths.
All vehiclescsep.org medium confidence
Scheme for sintered rare-earth magnets notified
The Ministry of Heavy Industries notified a scheme on 15 December 2025 to promote domestic manufacture of sintered rare-earth permanent magnets, used in EV traction motors.
All vehiclesheavyindustries.gov.in medium confidence
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Mobility and customersCommercial
Ola founded; app-based taxi booking begins
Ola was founded in Mumbai in December 2010 by Bhavish Aggarwal and Ankit Bhati; by 2015 it ran in more than 100 cities and led the app-taxi market.
Carsbusinesstoday.in
Uber enters India in Bangalore
Uber launched in Bangalore in October 2013, its first Indian city; by mid-2015 it served 18 Indian cities, behind Ola in market share.
Carsbusinesstoday.in
5,595 electric buses sanctioned for 64 cities
On 8 August 2019 the government sanctioned 5,595 electric buses for 64 cities and state transport undertakings; India's first intercity e-bus, Mumbai-Pune, followed in September 2019.
Busesen.wikipedia.org medium confidence
PM E-DRIVE funds 14,028 e-buses for nine cities
PM E-DRIVE targets 14,028 electric buses for public transport in nine major cities, with e-ambulances and 5,643 e-trucks also eligible for support.
Delhi runs over 2,100 electric buses
In April 2025 Delhi ran 2,152 electric buses (1,752 DTC, 400 cluster) and planned 2,080 more in 2025 under the National Electric Bus Programme and PM E-DRIVE.
Busestheweek.in
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